Distribution of Expiation for Non-Muslims: Analysis of the Ta'lili Method of Reasoning Regarding the Case of Kaffarat

Muhammad Ikbal; Abdullah Abdullah; Zulhamdi Zulhamdi

doi:10.47766/al-hiwalah.v4i2.6736

Authors

Muhammad Ikbal STIS Ummul Ayman Pidie Jaya Aceh
Abdullah Sultanah Nahrasiyah State Islamic University, Lhokseumawe, Aceh
Zulhamdi Sultanah Nahrasiyah State Islamic University, Lhokseumawe, Aceh

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.47766/al-hiwalah.v4i2.6736

Keywords:

Kafarat Sumpah, Non-Muslim, Metode Ta’lili

Abstract

Mujtahids do not create, but only discover laws. This is because of the Islamic belief that laws are created by God as the lawmaker (al-Shari'). Humans/mujtahids only understand (fiqh) the divine law. The process of understanding the law is called istinbaht al-hukm through an intellectual activity called ijtihad. The legal results obtained through istinbath ijtihad are called fiqh. The purpose of discovering the law must be understood by mujtahids in order to develop legal thought in Islam in general and address contemporary legal issues whose cases are not explicitly regulated by the Quran and Hadith. Therefore, by applying various methods, it is hoped that laws can be found to solve various problems that arise. This journal will attempt to describe the ta'lili method of discovering law. Based on a study of the concepts of ta'lili reasoning regarding the distribution of kaffarat oaths to non-Muslims, conclusions can be drawn, namely: First, the obligation to pay kaffarat oaths as contained in the Al-Qur'an surah al-Maidah verse 89, is mukhayyar, namely freeing slaves, providing food or clothing, if you are unable to carry out these three things, you are obliged to fast for three days. Second, Abu Hanifah r.a. does not require a believing slave to be the target of an oath of infidelity. Abu Hanifah r.a. does not turn the word muthlaq away from muqayyad, he gives charity to the common word (muthlaq). Third, it is permissible to free ahl al-dzimmah (non-Muslim) slaves as sworn inmates and also provide food or clothing to ahl al-dzimmah (non-Muslims). Because of the statement on the issue of distributing kafarat oaths, there is no specific text that recommends giving them to believers. Fourth, giving kafarat oaths to ahl al-dzimmah (non-Muslims) in terms of maqâshid syariyyah is almost the same as giving zakat to converts, namely to persuade their hearts to Islam.

References

Ali Musthafa Yaqub, Kerukunan Umat Dalam Perspektif Al-Qur’an dan Hadis, cet. 1, (Jakarta: Pustaka Firdaus, 2000).

Akhmad Mujahidin, Ekonomi Islam 2, cet. 1, (Pekanbaru: Al-Mujtahadah Press, 2010).

Al-Bukhari, Al-Jami‘ al-Shahih, juz. 3, cet. 1, (t.t: Dar Thauq al-Najah, 1422).

Ibn Katsir, Tafsir al-Qur’an al-‘Azhim, juz. 2, (Mesir: Maktabah Misr, t.th.).

Jasir ‘Audah, Maqashid al-Syari’ah ‘inda al-Syaikh al-Qaradhawi, (Qathar: Funduq, 2007).

Muhammad ‘Ali al-Shabuni, Rawa’i al-Bayan Tafsir al-Ayat al-Ahkam min al-Qur’an, juz. 2, cet. 3, (Damsyiq: Maktabah al-Ghazali, 1980).

Muhammad Rasyid Ridha, Tafsir Al-Manar, juz. 7, cet. 1, (Beirut: Dar al-Fikr, 2007).

Muhammad Salam Madzkur, al-Ijtihad fi at-Tasyri’ al-Islami (Beirut : Dar an-Nahdhah al-‘Arabiyah, 1984).

Mushtafa Syalabi, Ta’lil al-Ahkam (Beirut : Dar an-Nahdhah al-‘Arabiyyah, 1981).

M. Quraish Shihab, Tafsir Al-Mishbah: Pesan, Kesan dan Keserasian Al-Qur’an, vol. 3, cet. 9, (Jakarta: Lentera Hati, 2007).

Nina M. Arman (et al.), Ensiklopedi Islam, edisi baru, jilid 4, (Jakarta: Ichtiar Baru Van Hoeve, 2003).

Syamsul Anwar, “Teori Konformitas dalam Metode Penemuan Hukum Islam al-Gazzali” dalam M. Amin Abdullah dkk., Antologi Studi Islam: Teori dan Metodologi (Yogyakarta: DIP PTA IAIN Sunan Kalijaga, 2000), cet. I.

Sayyid Sabiq, Fiqh al-Sunnah, juz. 3, (Kairo: Al-Fath li al-‘Arabiy, t.th).

Sa’diy Abu Jayb, Al-Qamus al-Fiqhiy Lughatan wa Isthilahan, cet. 1, (Suriah: Dar al-Fikr, 1998).

Wazhârah al-Auqâf wa al-Syu’ûn al-Islâmiyyah, Al-Mausu’ah al-Fiqhiyah, juz. 35, cet. 2, (Kuwait: Wazhârah al-Auqâf wa al-Syu’ûn al-Islâmiyyah, 1983).

Wahbah al-Zuhailiy, Al-fiqh al-Islamiy wa Adillatuh, juz. 4, cet. 4, (Beirut: Dar al-Fikr, 1997).

Yusuf Qardhawi, Ghair Al-Muslimîn Fî Al-Mujtama‘ Al-Islamî, cet. 6, (Beirut: Muasasah AlRisalah, 1994).

Yusuf Qardhawi, Fiqih Jihad, terj. Irfan Maulana Hakim, ceAthya, Mayada. “Kajian QS. Al-Baqoroh Ayat 224 Dalam Tafsir Al-Qurthubi: Memahami Makna Sumpah Yang Terlarang.” Al-Kauniyah: Jurnal Ilmu Alquran Dan Tafsir 5, no. 1 (2024): 86–96. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.56874/alkauniyah.v5i1.1762.

Azhari, Fathurrahman. “Pemikiran Ulama Tentang’Illat Hukum (Suatu Kajian Ushul Fiqh).” Jurnal Darussalam 15, no. 2 (2014): 35–52.

Diah Muhammad. “Konsep Kafarat Sumpah Menurut Ibn Hazm.” Studi Analisis Penyaluran Kafarat Sumpah Kepadaahlal-Dzimmah(Non-Muslim)Ditinjau Dari Maqâshid Al-Syarî‘Ah, 2011, 1–161.

Fuad, Mahsun. “Ijtihad Ta’lili Sebagai Metode Penemuan Hukum Islam (Telaah Dan Perbandingannya Dengan Analogi Hukum Positif).” Jurnal HermeneiaVol-3-No-1-2004, 2004. http://digilib.uin-suka.ac.id/id/eprint/8429.

Hakim, Lukman Nul, and Umi Nur Kholifah. “Puasa Dalam Al-Quran (Kajian Teks Dan Konteks Serta Implikasi Etikanya).” Jurnal Kajian Islam Interdisipliner 8, no. 2 (2023): 161–80.

Harahab, S. “Analisis Terhadap Pendapa Imam Ahmad Ibn Hanbal Tentang Kewajiban Kafarat Bagi Hubungan Suami Istri Yang Dilakukan Ketika Haid,” 2019. https://repository.uin-suska.ac.id/21197/.

Junaedi, Mahfudz, and Fikih Indonesia Hazairin. “Konstruksi Pemikiran Fikih Indonesia: Pergeseran Dari Teosentrisme Ke Antroposentrisme.” Manarul Qur’an 18, no. 1 (2018).

Karimatul Ummah, S H. “Poligami Bagi Pegawai Negeri Sipil Dalam Perspektif Hukum Islam,” 2012. https://dspace.uii.ac.id/handle/123456789/35568.

Marâ, Siti, and Fashihuddin Arafat. “Analisis Hukum Islam Terhadap Hubungan Badan Suami Istri Dalam Masa Kafarat Zhihar.” MIYAH: Jurnal Studi Islam 17, no. 01 (2021): 79–92. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.33754/miyah.v17i01.353.

Masykar, Tabsyir. “Perspektif Imam Al-Qurthubi Dalam Penafsiran Surat Al-Maidah Ayat 89 Tentang Kifarat Yamin.” Basha’ir: Jurnal Studi Al-Qur’an Dan Tafsir, 2021, 41–48.

Mukhlisin, Ahmad. “Integrasi Al-Qur’an Dengan Sunnah Dalam Membangun Metode Penemuan Hukum.” ASAS 11, no. 01 (2019): 142–60. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.24042/asas.v11i01.4648.

Rokhmadi, Rokhmadi. “Hukuman Pembunuhan Dalam Hukum Pidana Islam Di Era Modern.” At-Taqaddum, 2016, 150–79. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.21580/at.v8i2.1169.

Saumantri, Theguh. “Nilai-Nilai Moderasi Islam Perspektif Wahbah Az-Zuhaili Dalam Tafsir Al-Munir.” Diya Al-Afkar: Jurnal Studi Al-Qur’an Dan Al-Hadis 10, no. 1 (2022): 135–54.

Sukmana, Bayu Teja, Lomba Sultan, and Kurniati Kurniati. “Penyelesaian Hukum Islam Dengan Corak Pendekatan Bayani, Ta’Lili Dan Istislahi.” Al-Sulthaniyah 11, no. 2 (2022): 1–20. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.37567/al-sulthaniyah.v11i2.1620.

Tohir, Umar Faruq. “Diskursus Tentang Hak Asasi Minoritas Dzimmi Di Tengah Mayoritas Muslim.” Akademika: Jurnal Pemikiran Islam 16, no. 2 (2011): 215–32. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.32332/akademika.v16i2.

Wiraguna, Sidi Ahyar. “Metode Normatif Dan Empiris Dalam Penelitian Hukum: Studi Eksploratif Di Indonesia.” Public Sphere: Jurnal Sosial Politik, Pemerintahan Dan Hukum 3, no. 3 (2024). https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.59818/jps.v3i3.1390.

Zulhamdi, Zulhamdi. “Aspek Hukum Perjanjian Dalam Aktivitas Bisnis.” Al-Hiwalah: Journal Syariah Economic Law 1, no. 1 (2022): 75–84. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.47766/alhiwalah.v1i1.892.

———. “Konsep Pertanggungjawaban Pidana Dalam Fiqh Jinayah.” Syarah: Jurnal Hukum Islam Dan Ekonomi 9, no. 1 (2020): 91–114. https://ejurnal.iainlhokseumawe.ac.id/index.php/syarah/article/view/794.