Fatwa, Ulama, and Peaceful Jihad: A Comparative Sociological Study of Selected Islamic Instititions

Abstract

This article explores the sociological dynamics of fatwas and the concept of peaceful jihad as articulated by leading Islamic institutions: the Indonesian Ulama Council (MUI), Muhammadiyah, Al Washliyah, the Aceh Ulama Consultative Council (MPU Aceh), Nahdlatul Ulama, and Egypt’s Dâr al-Iftâ’. It examines how these religious bodies interpret and propagate non-violent approaches to jihad amid contemporary political and social challenges. Drawing from recent fatwas, public statements, and community responses between 2023 and 2025, this study highlights the interplay between religious authority, state legitimacy, and societal peacebuilding. The findings indicate that these institutions emphasize moral, educational, and humanitarian dimensions of jihad while rejecting extremist and unauthorized militant calls. Comparatively, Dar al-Ifta provides a structured model for state-aligned moderation, while Indonesian institutions exhibit contextualized, community-driven engagement. The paper concludes that the institutionalization of peaceful jihad strengthens both religious legitimacy and societal resilience against radicalization.