Contemporary Islamic Thought in the Context of Globalisation, Pluralism, and Secularism: Schools, Influences, and Challenges

Abstract

This study analyses the dynamics of contemporary Islamic thought in response to globalisation, pluralism, and secularism. It adopts a qualitative approach using a systematic review, drawing on books, peer-reviewed journal articles, and other academic sources that were identified, selected, thematically grouped, and interpretively analysed. The study addresses three questions: how contemporary Islamic thought is defined and distinguished; what its major schools are and how they differ; and what influence they exert and what challenges they face. The findings show that contextual reinterpretation of sacred texts and the application of social justice principles provide a foundation for renewing Islamic thought in ways relevant to contemporary issues. Five major schools i.e. liberal, moderate, progressive, cultural, and radical Islam, differ primarily in their approaches to individual freedom, religious interpretation, and the renewal of Islamic law. Their influence can be observed in social reform, women’s empowerment, political discourse, economic thought, and education. The study concludes that, despite challenges including radicalisation and tensions between tradition and modernity, contemporary Islamic thought has significant potential to promote social justice, interfaith harmony, and global peace. Its continued development depends on balancing religious values with changing social realities while encouraging constructive dialogue, intellectual openness, and peaceful engagement across diverse communities.