Islamic Kingdoms in the Archipelago: Networks and Connectivity

Abstract

This study examines the Islamization process in the Nusantara region, focusing on the strategic roles of Islamic kingdoms in the spread of Islam. Using a qualitative research method based on literature studies, the data is analyzed through Max Weber's social action theory to understand the socio-political dynamics underlying this process. The study aims to explore the contributions of Islamic kingdoms in the fields of politics, education, trade, missionary activities, and inter-kingdom interactions to expand the Islamization network. The findings reveal that (1) early Islamic kingdoms, such as Peureulak and Samudera Pasai, were pioneers in introducing Islam; (2) Islamic kingdoms played a vital role in increasing the number of Muslim adherents through their political and social authority; and (3) inter-kingdom connectivity strengthened global trade networks that supported Islamic propagation. This study argues that goal-oriented rational actions, such as political decisions and trade activities, were the primary drivers in integrating Islam as an inseparable part of the Nusantara's identity.