JETLEE is committed to maintaining an accurate scholarly record. Published articles will not be changed silently. Any change is made through one of the following formal notices, each clearly labelled and linked to the original article:

Correction (Erratum/Corrigendum). Issued when an error is found that affects part of the article but does not invalidate its findings or conclusions. An erratum corrects an error introduced by the journal during production; a corrigendum corrects an error made by the authors.

Expression of Concern. Issued when there are serious, credible concerns about an article but an investigation has not yet reached a conclusion, or the evidence is inconclusive. It will later be replaced by a correction, a retraction, or a statement clearing the article.

Retraction. Issued when:
1. the findings are unreliable because of major error, fabrication, or falsification;
2. the article contains plagiarism;
3. the work has been published previously without proper disclosure (redundant publication);
4. the research was conducted unethically; or
5. the peer review process was manipulated.

A retraction notice states the reason for the retraction and who requested it, and makes clear whether the cause was honest error or misconduct. The retracted article remains online, marked “RETRACTED” on every page, so the scholarly record stays intact.

Removal. In rare cases, such as when an article is defamatory, infringes legal rights, or poses a risk to someone’s safety or privacy, the content may be removed. Its bibliographic information and a notice explaining the removal will remain.

All decisions follow the COPE Retraction Guidelines.