Discourse(s) of Masculinity: (Re)contested, (Re)produced, and (Re)imagined

Authors

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.47766/saree.v8i2.7521

Keywords:

masculinity, media representation, discourse, hegemonic masculinity, popular culture

Abstract

What does it mean to be a man today, and who decides? These questions are not only philosophical but cultural, worked out daily in the films we watch, the music we stream, the advertisements we scroll past, and the social media we consume. This paper takes popular culture seriously as a site where ideas about masculinity are not simply reflected but simultaneously contested, reproduced, and reimagined. Rather than treating masculinity as natural or fixed, the study approaches it as discourse i.e. a shifting set of meanings, practices, and representations perpetually open to challenge and re-visited. Six complementary theoretical lenses inform the analysis: Connell's hegemonic masculinity, Butler's performativity, Crenshaw's intersectionality, Anderson's inclusive masculinity theory, and the more recent frameworks of caring masculinity and hybrid masculinity. Together they permit a layered reading of how masculinity operates across film, television, advertising, music, and digital platforms. The paper argues that masculinity is never a uniform experience: it is deeply shaped by race, class, sexuality, nationality, and region. Popular culture both reflects and reinforces these intersections, yet also creates space for more fluid, caring, and egalitarian expressions of manhood. The field's predominantly Anglo-American empirical base limits its explanatory reach, thus, this paper draws on wider Southeast Asian scholarship to illustrate why regionally grounded accounts of masculinity matter.

 

ABSTRACT INDONESIAN

Apa artinya menjadi seorang laki-laki saat ini, dan siapa yang berhak menentukannya? Ini bukan sekadar pertanyaan filosofis, melainkan pertanyaan budaya yang terwujud setiap hari dalam film yang kita tonton, musik yang kita dengarkan, iklan yang kita lihat, dan konten media sosial yang kita konsumsi. Makalah ini menempatkan budaya populer sebagai ruang di mana gagasan tentang maskulinitas tidak hanya tercermin, tetapi juga secara bersamaan diperdebatkan, direproduksi, dan dibayangkan kembali. Alih-alih memperlakukan maskulinitas sebagai sesuatu yang alamiah atau tetap, studi ini mendekatinya sebagai wacana serangkaian makna, praktik, dan representasi yang selalu terbuka terhadap kontestasi dan perubahan. Untuk memahami dinamika tersebut, makalah ini menggunakan 6 (enam) lensa teoretis yang saling melengkapi: maskulinitas hegemonik Connell; performativitas gender Butler; interseksionalitas Crenshaw; teori maskulinitas inklusif Anderson; serta kerangka maskulinitas hibrida atau maskulinitas peduli. Secara bersama-sama, kerangka kerja ini menawarkan pembacaan berlapis tentang bagaimana maskulinitas beroperasi di ranah film, televisi, periklanan, musik, dan platform digital. Argumen utama penelitian ini adalah untuk mempertegas maskulinitas bukanlah pengalaman yang seragam: ia sangat dipengaruhi oleh ras, kelas, seksualitas, kebangsaan, dan kultur. Budaya populer mencerminkan sekaligus memperkuat persimpangan tersebut, namun juga menciptakan ruang bagi ekspresi maskulinitas yang lebih cair, penuh kepedulian, dan egaliter. Karena kajian maskulinitas selama ini didominasi konteks Anglo-Amerika, maka kami juga menawarkan konteks Asia Tenggara untuk menunjukkan pentingnya penjelasan maskulinitas yang berakar pada kawasan.

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Published

2026-09-26

How to Cite

Rahman, F., & Kholid, M. (2026). Discourse(s) of Masculinity: (Re)contested, (Re)produced, and (Re)imagined. Saree: Research in Gender Studies , 8(2), 179–200. https://doi.org/10.47766/saree.v8i2.7521